Everything about Nuclear Transfer totally explained
Process
Nuclear Transfer is a form of
cloning. The steps involve removing the
DNA from an
oocyte(unfertilized egg), and injecting the
nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a
pluripotent state. If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a female mammal, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. This is how
Dolly the Sheep and many
other species were cloned. Alternatively, if cells are extracted from the cloned cells during very early embryonic stages (
blastocyst or
morula),
embryonic stem cells can be created. These cells can be grown in laboratories indefinitely and can theoretically be made into any of the 200+ cell types in the mammalian body, and thus are an extraordinary tool for biologists as well as a therapeutic agent with the potential to treat currently untreatable medical conditions.
Tools & Reagents
Nuclear transfer is a delicate process that's a major hurdle in the development of cloning technology!
(External Link
) Materials used in this procedure are a microscope, a holding
pipette (small vacuum) to keep the oocyte in place, and a
micropipette (hair-thin needle) capable of extracting the nucleus of a cell using a vacuum. For some species, such as mouse, a drill is used to pierce the outer layers of the oocyte.
Various chemical reagents are used to increase cloning efficiency.
Microtubule inhibitors, such as
nocodazole, are used to arrest the oocyte in
M phase, during which its nuclear membrane is dissolved. Chemicals are also used to stimulate oocyte activation.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) or therapeutic cloning involves removing the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell, replacing it with the material from the nucleus of a "somatic cell" (a skin, heart, or nerve cell, for example), and stimulating this cell to begin dividing. Once the cell begins dividing, stem cells can be extracted 5-6 days later and used for research. The AAMC supports on-going research into SCNT and has endorsed legislation that would allow such research to flourish.
Reprogramming
Genomic
Reprogramming is the key biological process behind nuclear transfer. Currently unidentified reprogramming factors present in oocytes are capable of initiating a cascade of events that can reset the
genome of a mature, specialized cell back to an undifferentiated, embryonic state. These factors are thought to be mainly proteins of the nucleus.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Nuclear Transfer'.
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